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Inside the Cell: The Dark Side of Forensic DNA, by Erin E. Murphy
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Josiah Sutton was convicted of rape. He was five inches shorter and 65 pounds lighter than the suspect described by the victim, but at trial a lab analyst testified that his DNA was found at the crime scene. His case looked like many others—arrest, swab, match, conviction. But there was just one problem—Sutton was innocent.
We think of DNA forensics as an infallible science that catches the bad guys and exonerates the innocent. But when the science goes rogue, it can lead to a gross miscarriage of justice. Erin Murphy exposes the dark side of forensic DNA testing: crime labs that receive little oversight and produce inconsistent results; prosecutors who push to test smaller and poorer-quality samples, inviting error and bias; law-enforcement officers who compile massive, unregulated, and racially skewed DNA databases; and industry lobbyists who push policies of “stop and spit.”
DNA testing is rightly seen as a transformative technological breakthrough, but we should be wary of placing such a powerful weapon in the hands of the same broken criminal justice system that has produced mass incarceration, privileged government interests over personal privacy, and all too often enforced the law in a biased or unjust manner. Inside the Cell exposes the truth about forensic DNA, and shows us what it will take to harness the power of genetic identification in service of accuracy and fairness.
- Sales Rank: #335698 in eBooks
- Published on: 2015-10-06
- Released on: 2015-10-06
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
“The book is full of cases and examples that propel Murphy's discussion forward and will no doubt unsettle the average citizen. Thankfully she also provides actionable recommendations for policy changes in a legal system that so far has little to say about the collection and uses of DNA.” –Publishers Weekly
“A specialized work that will appeal to attorneys, investigators, crime writers, and others on the frontiers of forensic DNA laws and technologies.” –Kirkus Reviews
“This brilliant, accessible, and extremely important book by one of our foremost scholars has a timely message: Without disputing its transformative impact, Murphy argues that DNA testing is not a panacea for the criminal justice system or forensic scientists. Murphy provides a balanced, thoughtful, and essential roadmap to a more democratic future. A must-read.” —Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld, cofounders, the Innocence Project
From the Back Cover
IS FORENSIC DNA THE NEXT FRONTIER OF GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE?
Current criminal justice policies have emboldened a system of mass incarceration, characterized by assembly-line justice, abuse of official power, racial and socioeconomic inequality, and unacceptable rates of wrongful conviction. Inside the Cell probes the scientific, statistical, legal, and ethical challenges presented by forensic DNA testing and explains how:
- DNA analysis is highly subjective, given the poor quality of many crime scene samples
- Crime labs operate with less oversight than your local nail salon
- DNA statistics can mislead jurors about the probability of a match
- Traces of DNA appear in places that a person never touched or visited
- “Stop and spit” might be the new “stop and frisk”
- Police use tricks to sneak DNA samples from discarded items
- DNA databases are racially skewed, and current policies only aggravate that inequality
- DNA tests uncover genetic traits beyond just useless “junk”
- Police maintain “rogue” databases unregulated by law
About the Author
Erin Murphy is a professor at NYU School of Law and an expert in DNA forensics. She is a graduate of Harvard Law School. In addition to scholarly journals, her writing has appeared in Scientific American, New York Times, USA Today, Slate, San Francisco Chronicle, and Huffington Post. Follow her on Twitter @ErinMurphysLaw.
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Writing is uneven....but provides important food for thought
By The Rotifer
I saw the comment on this book made by Martin Tracey and thought twice about purchasing the book. I went ahead and purchase it. I am about half way through it as I write this comment. I was put off by the dismissiveness of Dr. Tracey's comment. I did a Google search on him and discovered that he is a molecular biologist at Florida International University and is quite knowledgible about techniques for sequencing and characterizing DNA. I also know a bit about these techniques myself and about calculating probabilities. That said, I see merit in Dr. Tracey's comment. But I also see merit in the discussion presented the author Erin Murphy. Dr. Tracey's comment is directed towards a surprise experienced by an analysts in the Arizona state crime laboratory. The analysts found that two DNA profiles in the crime lab's DNA database matched at nine places, even though these individuals were unrelated to each other. A further examination of the database revealed 122 sets of such 9-point matches. Dr. Tracey writes that Prof Murphy "ignorantly assumes that the 1 in N odds for a random match to one person, are the same as looking form matches in the entire data base." His interpretation of what Prof. Murphy did is incorrect. Prof Murphy discussion later in the chapter shows that she is well aware of the differences in the probability that a database will contain a match to a given individual versus the probability of finding matches when all profiles in the database are compared against each other. She does this by mentioning the "birthday problem". The birthday problem supposes you are in a group of 25 people. There is about 1 chance in 15 that someone in that group will share your birthday, but there is a very high probability, that two random people in that group will have the same birthday. (In any group of 25 people, there are 300 sets of birthdate comparisons that can be done between any two random people in the group.)
I agree with Dr. Tracey's calculation that in the Arizona Crime Lab Database, there are 2 billion possible comparisons of the DNA profiles between two individuals. And he raises a legitimate question regarding whether it would be unusual to find some matches between profiles. But how many should one expect. Prof. Murphy states that 122 such matches were eventually found. She also states that the probability of finding a random match of two profiles from non-Hispanic whites was estimated at 1 in 754 million. The random match probability between two African Americans was estimated at 1 in 561 billion and between two Southwest Hispanics at 1 in 113 trillion. Given these three estimates of random probability matches, a then perhaps one could expect to find within that database, at most, maybe 3 or 4 matches....WELL SHORT OF 122. One explanation is that the occurrence of particular DNA markers is not as random as the people calculating the probabilities assume. That is, there may be significant correlation in the occurrence of certain markers, and if this correlation is not properly represented in the calculation of probabilities of a match, the calculation gives a misleading result. I cannot agree with Dr. Tracey that the discussion of the Arizona database is silly. Quite the opposite, I find it flags a serious problem and one that has the potential to result in many, many injustices.
I do find the book uneven. For example, Prof. Murphy takes great pains to explain the methodology of DNA typing at a level that a non-technical person can understand. In my view she fails at that effort. But the basic thrust of the book is to argue that the powerfulness of DNA typing is often oversold. She is arguing that the risk of convicting the innocent is much higher than the general public has been led to believe. She cites errors committed in laboratories that have led to their being shut down. She cites failures to follow protocols when adding DNA profiles to databases. She cites the ambiguities that often occur when trying to tease out DNA profiles from samples that contain a mixture of DNA. She cites the persistence of DNA in the environment that can cause confusion as to when the DNA found in a sample was actually left behind. To illustrate this point, she discusses a murder case in which a DNA profile was recovered from a crime scene sample was matched to someone who had been dead for several years. The dead individual was later determined to have been involved in the construction of the building. Then there is the problem of match probabilities that I tried to illustrate above, coupled with the use of software to calculate the probabilities, where the algortihm used to do the calculation is proprietary and is therefore unavailable to mathematicians/statisticians who might want to verify as to whether the software is making correct calculations.
Despite all these issues, Prof. Murphy does not argue that we should throw out DNA evidence. Rather, she argues that we need to have better standards on its interpretation, and we need to reconsider how to calculate the probability that the DNA profile found from a crime scene sample would match that off the defendant on trial. Sometimes Prof. Murphy is inelegant in her discussion. But in my view her central argument has great merit and needs further exploration.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
A Revelation
By N. Nothnagle
I admit that prior to reading this I accepted DNA results pretty much without question. This book made my hair stand on end and yours will, too. I had no idea just how much can go wrong and how much subjectivity is involved in the interpretation of DNA findings. Very well laid out and a must read if you rely on DNA results of any sort.
8 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
There's only one thing better than the truth...the whole truth.
By Amazon Customer
After reading this book I can see why some people in the forensics industry would want to lash out with supposed "science" and "math" to discredit this book. Not surprising. They've used the tiny bit of "science" they learned online at University of Phoenix to dupe juries into arriving at false conclusions resulting in thousands of wrongful convictions for years. This book is not only an accurate depiction of the science behind forensics but also a very surprising accurate depiction of how forensics are actually applied in the real world. There's only one thing better than the truth and that is the whole truth. That's what I got from reading this book.
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